# Lesson 61 现在完成时

## 1 现在完成时的用法1

现在完成时是一个把过去和现在联系起来的时态，表示一个过去的行动对现在产生的结果。

- I have lost my backpack. 我丢了我的背包。
  (= I can't find my backpack now. 我现在找不到我的背包了。)

## 2 现在完成时的构成

### 2.1 现在完成时的句型结构
现在完成时的构成是：主语 + have/has + 动词的过去分词 + 其他，表示已经完成的某事对现在的影响。

| I / We / You / They | have / 've | cleaned / lost… |
| --- | --- | --- |
| He / She / It | has / 's | |

### 2.2 过去分词的变化规则
过去分词与过去式不一样，但同样分为规则动词的过去分词和不规则动词的过去分词两种。

**(1) 规则动词的过去分词以-ed结尾**，其变化规则与过去式的变化规则相同。
- clean - cleaned 清扫
- work - worked 工作

**(2) 不规则动词的过去分词不以-ed结尾**，无任何变化规律，需要平时多积累。以下是常见动词的过去式和过去分词：

| 动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| go 去 | went | gone |
| buy 买 | bought | bought |
| do 做 | did | done |
| drink 喝 | drank | drunk |
| come 来 | came | come |
| eat 吃 | ate | eaten |
| have 有 | had | had |

## 3 现在完成时的否定

现在完成时的否定直接在have/has后加not，可缩写为haven't/hasn't，句子的其余成分不变，其结构为：主语 + haven't/hasn't + 动词的过去分词 + 其他。

| I / We / You / They | haven't | cleaned / lost… |
| --- | --- | --- |
| He / She / It | hasn't | |

- It's my mother's birthday tomorrow. I haven't bought her a present.
  明天是我妈妈的生日，我还没给她买生日礼物。（现在我没有礼物给她。）

## 4 现在完成时的一般疑问句

在一般疑问句中，将助动词have/has提至主语前面，其他成分保持不变，其结构为：Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他。用Yes/No做简短回答。

**提问**
| Have | I / we / you / they | cleaned / lost...? |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Has | he / she / it | |

**肯定回答**
- Yes, I / we / you / they have.
- Yes, he / she / it has.

**否定回答**
- No, I / we / you / they haven't.
- No, he / she / it hasn't.

- - Can I take this book? Have you finished with it?
  我能拿走这本书吗？你看完了吗？（你现在需要它吗？）
  - Yes, I have. You can take it. 是的，我看完了。你可以拿走。

## 5 现在完成时的特殊疑问句

现在完成时的特殊疑问句，把特殊疑问词放在句首，后面跟一般疑问句的形式，其结构为：特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他。

| 特殊疑问词 | have | I / we / you / they | cleaned / lost...? |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | has | he / she / it | |

- - Who are you looking for? 你在找谁？
  - I am looking for Sarah. Where has she gone?
    我在找萨拉，她去哪里了？

## 本课小结
![现在完成时总结](images/OgC91waqWI.png)