# 【雪梨老师】背会这8页搞定小学英语语法

## 一、可数名词的单复数变化

### 规则变化

| 变化规则 | 例词 | 变化形式 |
|---------|------|---------|
| 一般情况 | cat | cats（加-s） |
| 以s, x, sh, ch结尾 | box | boxes（加-es） |
| 辅音字母 + y结尾 | family | families（变y为i再加-es） |
| 以f或fe结尾 | knife | knives（变f/fe为v，再加-es） |
| 以o结尾（无生命） | photo | photos（加-s） |
| 以o结尾（有生命） | potato | potatoes（加-es） |

### 不规则变化

| 变化类型 | 例词 |
|---------|------|
| oo变ee | tooth → teeth |
| 单复同形 | sheep → sheep |
| 某国人变化口诀 | **中日不变英法变，其余s放后面**<br>Chinese → Chinese<br>Englishman → Englishmen<br>German → Germans |
| 其他常考 | man → men<br>woman → women<br>child → children |

> 💡 **注意**:
> woman teacher → women teachers（复合名词变复数时，两个词都要变）
>
> 有些单词有多个词义，可以同时是可数名词和不可数名词：
> - chicken：表示"鸡"时可数，表示"鸡肉"时不可数
> - glass：表示"玻璃杯"时可数，表示"玻璃"时不可数

---

## 二、冠词 a/an/the

### a/an 用法区分

> 💡 **口诀：辅头a，元头an，不看字母看发音**

| 例词 | 说明 |
|------|------|
| an hour 一个小时 | [ˈaʊə(r)] 元音发音开头 |
| an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩 | [ˈɒnɪst] 元音发音开头 |
| an umbrella 一把伞 | [ʌmˈbrelə] 元音发音开头 |
| a university 一所大学 | [ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti] 辅音发音开头 |

### the 的常见用法

1. **the + 独一无二的事物**
   - the sun / moon / sky

2. **表示上文提到的事物**
   - He has a dog. ... The dog is cute.

3. **表示说话双方都知道的事物**
   - Look at the girl over there.

4. **在早上/下午/傍晚**
   - in the morning / afternoon / evening

5. **弹奏乐器**
   - play the piano / violin / guitar

### 常见零冠词用法（不用the）

1. **在中午/晚上**
   - at noon / night

2. **吃早午晚饭**
   - have breakfast / lunch / dinner

3. **玩球类运动**
   - play basketball / football

4. **在季节/月份/星期**
   - in spring, in May, on Monday

---

## 三、介词

### 时间介词

| 介词 | 用法 | 例句 |
|------|------|------|
| in | 在一段时间内 | in the morning |
| at | 在某一时刻 | at 7:00 |
| on | 在具体的某一天 | on Monday, on May 15th |

### 方位介词

| 介词 | 含义 |
|------|------|
| in | 在......里面 |
| on | 在......上面 |
| under | 在......下面 |
| next to / beside | 在......旁边 |
| in front of | 在......前面 |
| behind | 在......后面 |
| between ... and | 在两者之间 |

### 其他介词

| 介词 | 含义/用法 | 例句 |
|------|----------|------|
| by | 搭乘......<br>在......旁边 | by bus 坐公交<br>by car<br>sit by the window |
| with | 和<br>有<br>用 | go to school with me<br>a girl with long hair<br>eat with a fork |
| about | 大约<br>关于 | about six o'clock<br>a book about animals |
| of | 的（表示所属关系） | the window of the room |
| for | 为，给，替<br>表示某段时间或距离 | a letter for you<br>stay there for two days |

> 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**:
> 表示搭某种交通工具就可以，中间不加任何冠词哦。
> by bus 坐公交，by train 坐火车

---

## 四、疑问代词

| 疑问词 | 问什么 | 疑问词 | 问什么 |
|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| what | 问什么 | how | 问怎样 |
| who | 问是谁 | how old | 问年龄 |
| where | 问哪里 | how many/much | 问多少 |
| when | 问时候 | how much | 问价格 |
| why | 问原因 | how tall | 问多高 |
| which | 问哪个 | how big | 问多大 |
| whose | 问谁的 | how long | 问多长 |
| what time | 问几点 | how often | 问频率 |
| | | how soon | 问多久 |
| | | how heavy | 问多重 |

---

## 五、人称代词 & 物主代词

> 💡 **口诀：动词前用主格，动介词后用宾格，形物代后有名词，名物代后无名词**

| | 中文 | 人称代词 | | 中文 | 物主代词 | |
|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
| | | **主格** | **宾格** | | **形容词性物主代词** | **名词性物主代词** |
| **单数** | 我 | I | me | 我的 | my | mine |
| | 你 | you | you | 你的 | your | yours |
| | 他 | he | him | 他的 | his | his |
| | 她 | she | her | 她的 | her | hers |
| | 它 | it | it | 它的 | its | its |
| **复数** | 我们 | we | us | 我们的 | our | ours |
| | 你们 | you | you | 你们的 | your | yours |
| | 他(她/它)们 | they | them | 他(她/它)们的 | their | theirs |

---

## 六、动词三单

### 动词分类

```mermaid
graph TD
    A[动词] --> B[实义动词]
    A --> C[系动词]
    A --> D[助动词]
    A --> E[情态动词]
    B --> B1[及物动词<br>后接名词/代词作宾语<br>I watch TV.]
    B --> B2[不及物动词<br>后无宾语<br>I run.]
    C --> C1[be动词<br>am, is, are...]
    D --> D1[do, does...]
    E --> E1[can, must, may...]
```

### 动词三单变化规则

> 💡 **说明**：当动作的发出者是第三人称单数（he/she/it）时，实义动词、系动词、助动词也要用其相应的三单形式。

| 变化规则 | 原形 | 三单形式 |
|---------|------|---------|
| 一般词尾加-s | like | likes |
| 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词尾加-es | miss<br>fix<br>wash<br>watch | misses<br>fixes<br>washes<br>watches |
| 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的改y为i加-es | study<br>fly | studies<br>flies |
| 特殊情况 | have<br>do<br>go | has<br>does<br>goes |

> 💡 **be动词最特殊**：
> - I am
> - he/she/it is
> - we/you/they are

---

## 七、英语时态 & 标志词

### 时态结构

| 时态 | 结构 |
|------|------|
| 一般现在时 | be, do/does |
| 一般过去时 | was/were, did |
| 一般将来时 | will be/do<br>am/is/are going to do |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing |

### 时态例句 & 标志词

| 时态 | 例句 | 时间标志词 |
|------|------|-----------|
| **一般现在时** | He is a student.<br>He cleans the room. | every day/week/month/year...<br>once/twice a week...<br>three/four times a week...<br>always/usually/often/sometimes/hardly/never... |
| **一般过去时** | He was a student.<br>He cleaned the room. | ago, once, just now<br>last time/Friday/month/year...<br>in the early days<br>the day before yesterday |
| **一般将来时** | He will be a student.<br>He will clean the room.<br>He is going to clean the room. | tomorrow, soon, sooner or later<br>next time/Friday/month/year...<br>in + 一段时间 |
| **现在进行时** | He is cleaning the room. | now, right now<br>at this moment/time, at present<br>Look! Listen! |

> 💡 **小贴士**:
> 1. 有些句子虽然没有具体的过去时间，但只要是过去发生的动作都要用过去时。
>    例：I thought you were him. 我(刚刚)以为你是他。
>
> 2. 在回答别人的提问时，"人称+be"不可以缩写。
>    比如 Yes, I'm. 就是错的，只能用 Yes, I am.

---

## 八、缩写

### be动词缩写

| 完整形式 | 缩写 | 完整形式 | 缩写 |
|---------|------|---------|------|
| I am | I'm | he is | he's |
| it is | it's | she is | she's |
| you are | you're | they are | they're |
| we are | we're | that is | that's |
| there is | there's | who is | who's |
| how is | how's | what is | what's |
| when is | when's | where is | where's |

### 否定缩写

| 完整形式 | 缩写 | 完整形式 | 缩写 |
|---------|------|---------|------|
| is not | isn't | are not | aren't |
| was not | wasn't | were not | weren't |
| do not | don't | does not | doesn't |
| did not | didn't | will not | won't |
| can not | can't | | |

### 其他缩写

| 完整形式 | 缩写 |
|---------|------|
| I will | I'll |
| I would | I'd |

---

## 九、句子类型

| 类型 | 例句 |
|------|------|
| **陈述句** | I have a cat. |
| **祈使句** | Be quick.<br>Sit down, please.<br>No smoking. |
| **感叹句** | What a cute cat!<br>How cute the cat is! |
| **疑问句** | Can I help you?<br>Who are you? |

---

## 十、句式转换

### 含be动词

| 句式 | 变化规则 | 例句 |
|------|---------|------|
| 肯定句 | - | I am 12. |
| 否定句 | be动词后加not | I am not 12. |
| 一般疑问句 | be动词放句首 | Are you 12? |
| 特殊疑问句 | 选择疑问词，be动词置于疑问词后 | How old are you? |

> 💡 **小贴士**：若 I 为主语，变疑问句后，I 要变成 you

### 含情态动词

| 句式 | 变化规则 | 例句 |
|------|---------|------|
| 肯定句 | - | I can run. |
| 否定句 | 情态动词后加not | I can not run. |
| 一般疑问句 | 情态动词放句首 | Can you run? |
| 特殊疑问句 | 选择疑问词，情态动词置于疑问词后 | What can you do? |

### 含实义动词

| 句式 | 主语非第三人称单数 | 主语为第三人称单数 |
|------|------------------|------------------|
| 肯定句 | I watch TV. | He watches TV. |
| 否定句 | I don't watch TV. | He doesn't watch TV. |
| 一般疑问句 | Do you watch TV? | Does he watch TV? |
| 特殊疑问句 | What do you do? | What does he do? |

> 💡 **小贴士**：
> 1. 特殊疑问句中，划线的实义动词变成 do
> 2. 主语为第三人称单数时，否定句和疑问句中，实义动词要用动词原形！