# 【雪梨老师】14页纸搞定语法体系 ## 语法体系总览 ```mermaid mindmap root((语法体系)) 词法 动词 v. 名词 n. 形容词 adj. 副词 adv. 冠词 art. 数词 num. 介词 prep. 连词 conj. 代词 pron. 感叹词 int. 句法 成分 主语 谓语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补足语 同位语 插入语 时态 16个时态 语态 主动语态 被动语态 主谓一致 语法一致 意义一致 就近一致 句子类型 简单句 主谓 主谓宾 主系表 主谓双宾 主谓宾宾补 主从复合句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 定语从句 状语从句 特殊句型 倒装句 存现句 强调句 省略句 并列复合句 ``` --- ## 01 词法 - 动词 ### 动词分类 | 分类 | 举例 | 用法 | |------|------|------| | **实义动词** | 及物动词: make, take, give
不及物动词: live, agree, die | 及物动词后可接宾语
不及物动词后不接宾语 | | **系动词** | be动词
表感觉词汇: look, feel, smell...
表"变"词汇: become, get, turn... | 后接表语（形容词或者名词） | | **助动词** | do/does/did, have/has, will/would... | 帮助构成否定句、疑问句、各种时态及被动语态 | | **情态动词** | can, could, must, need, may, might, should... | 不能单独使用，后跟动词原形 | ### 非谓语动词 - 不定式: **to do** - 动名词: **doing** - 现在分词: **doing** - 过去分词: **done** --- ## 02 词法 - 名词 ### 名词分类 | 分类 | 可数性 | |------|--------| | 个体名词 | 可数名词 | | 集体名词 | 可数名词 | | 物质名词 | 不可数名词 | | 抽象名词 | 不可数名词 | > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 可数名词可接 a, an 和具体数字，不可数名词不行哦。 ### 名词所有格 1. **'s 所有格** - 表示有生命的事物的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、国家等无生命的东西的名词之间的所有关系 - 例: Sally's job; ten minutes' walk; China's future 2. **of 所有格** - 表示多数无生命的事物的名词之间所有关系 - 例: the window of the house; the cover of the book 3. **双重所有格** - 即"of + 名词所有格" - 例: a play of Shakespeare's; a friend of my sister's > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 所有格表示一种所属关系，表示"......的"。 --- ## 03 词法 - 形容词 & 副词 ### 形容词比较等级 | 比较等级 | 用法 | 例句 | |---------|------|------| | **原级比较** | as ... as 与......一样
not so/as ... as 与......不一样 | The old man walks as fast as a young man.
This coat is not so/as expensive as that one. | | **比较级** | 用于**两者之间**的比较 | I'm less interested in basketball than you. | | **最高级** | 用于**三者或三者以上**之间的比较 | Hu Yun is the fastest of all the girls in our class. | ### 副词分类 1. 表示方向、位置: (look) down, (go) in, (get) out 2. 表示地点: upstairs, there, here, abroad 3. 表示时间: today, yesterday 4. 表示顺序: first, next, then 5. 表示频率: always, usually, never --- ## 04 词法 - 冠词 & 数词 & 介词 & 连词 ### 冠词 1. **定冠词: the** - 表特指 - 例: This is the book I wanted to buy. 2. **不定冠词: a; an** - 表泛指，表示"一个" - 例: This is an apple. This is a banana. 3. **零冠词** - 一些词、短语前面不能加冠词 - 例: at noon, in China, in spring ### 数词 1. **基数词**: one, two, three, four, five... 2. **序数词**: first, second, third, fourth, fifth... > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 基变序，有规律，词尾加上 th。 > 123特殊记，词尾字母 t、d、d； > 8 去 t，9 去 e，ve 要用 f 替； > ty 变 y 为 i e，然后加上 th； > 要是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。 ### 介词 1. 表时间: before the night, after waking up, in July... 2. 表地点: at the park, above the table, behind the bank, beside me, by the river... 3. 表方式: by bus, through hard work, cut it with a knife... 4. 表原因、目的: go for a walk; Skills come with practice... ### 连词 1. 表并列或选择: and, or... 2. 表转折: yet, but, while... 3. 表因果: therefore, so, because... 4. 表递进: not only ... but also, besides... --- ## 05 词法 - 代词 & 感叹词 ### 代词分类 - **人称代词**: I like music. - **物主代词**: My father is a doctor. The book is hers. - **反身代词**: They enjoyed themselves. - **指示代词**: This is a pen. - **疑问代词**: Where are you going to? - **关系代词**: The book that I bought yesterday was gone. - **相互代词**: We are crazy about each other. - **不定代词**: Everybody likes his > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 关系代词 that 表人、表物都可以哦。 ### 感叹词 独立于句子之外，表示情感变化 - 例: Oh, dear, well, why, my god... - Oh dear! I think I've lost my purse! --- ## 06 秒懂句子成分 ### 基本成分 ``` I saw a dog │ │ │ │ │ └─ 宾语（动作的承担者） │ └───── 谓语（动作） └───────── 主语（动作发出者） ``` **我看见了一只狗** --- ``` I saw a cute dog │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─ 宾语 │ │ └────── 定语（修饰事物） │ └─────────── 谓语 └─────────────── 主语 ``` **我看见了一只可爱的狗** --- ``` I saw a cute dog running in the park │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─ 状语（动作发生的时间地点） │ │ │ │ └────────── 宾语补语（对宾语状态补充说明） │ │ │ └──────────────── 宾语 │ │ └───────────────────── 定语 │ └────────────────────────── 谓语 └────────────────────────────── 主语 ``` **我在公园看见了一只可爱的狗正在跑** > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 一个完整的句子至少要同时含有主语和谓语哦。 --- ## 07 句子成分详解 ### 主语 句子所要说明的人或物，是句子的主体。一般由名词、代词或名词短语等组成，位于句首 - The desk is old. - The secret of success is to work harder every day than others. ### 谓语 用来说明主语"干什么"或"怎么样"的，应在主语后 - I play basketball in the morning. - I can speak English very well. ### 宾语 表示动词的作用对象，位于动词之后 - I ate two hamburgers yesterday. ### 表语 用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态，常位于系动词后面 - It is a flower. / He looks so young. > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 常见的系动词还有表示五官感觉的 smell（闻起来）, taste（尝）, sound（听）, feel（摸）。 > The flowers smell nice. 花儿闻起来很香。 ### 定语 用来修饰名词或代词的，对其进行解释说明，名词、形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语或定语从句都可以用作定语 - The beautiful girl is my sister. - The reading room is on the third floor. - The woman who is standing under the tree is Mrs. Green. ### 状语 用来修饰动词、形容词和副词，对其进行解释说明，表示动作、行为发生的时间、原因、地点、方式、目的或程度等 - She made her brother sad yesterday. （yesterday 作时间状语） - I see my brother studying at home. （at home 作地点状语） - Switch it on by pressing this button. （by pressing this button 作方式状语） > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 地点状语放在句首或句末都可以哦。 ### 补足语 对主语、宾语等进行补充说明 - I elected Tom our monitor. （our monitor 补充说明 Tom 的身份） ### 同位语 一个名词或名词性成分对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明 - Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. - Miss Lee, my English teacher, is a very nice person. --- ## 08 时态总表 | 时间 ↓ 状态 → | **一般** | **进行** | **完成** | **完成进行** | |-------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------| | **现在** | 一般现在时 | 现在进行时 | 现在完成时 | 现在完成进行时 | | **过去** | 一般过去时 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成时 | 过去完成进行时 | | **将来** | 一般将来时 | 将来进行时 | 将来完成时 | 将来完成进行时 | | **过去将来** | 过去将来时 | 过去将来进行时 | 过去将来完成时 | 过去将来完成进行时 | ### 一般时态 1. **一般现在时** - 经常性和习惯性的动作或状态、客观事实 - I do my homework every day. - The sun rises in the east. 2. **一般过去时** - 过去某个确定时间里发生的动作 - I did my homework yesterday. 3. **一般将来时** - 将来某个时间会发生的动作 - I will do my homework tomorrow. - I am going to do my homework later. 4. **过去将来时** - 从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作 - I said I would do my homework the next day. > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 将来时用"will + 动词原形"或"be going to + 动词原形"都可以哦。 ### 进行时态 5. **现在进行时** - 现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作 - I am doing my homework now. 6. **过去进行时** - 过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生的动作 - I was doing my homework at 9:00 yesterday morning. 7. **将来进行时** - 将来某个时间正在发生的动作 - I will be doing my homework at 9:00 tomorrow. 8. **过去将来进行时** - 就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻正在进行的动作 - I said I would be doing my homework at 9:00 the next day. --- ## 09 完成时态 9. **现在完成时** - 过去的动作持续到现在，或对现在造成影响 - I have already finished my homework, so I can watch TV. - I have lived here since 1998. > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 现在完成时 ≠ 一般现在时。现在完成时侧重对现在有影响，而一般现在时只是陈述一般情况。 10. **过去完成时** - 过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成了的动作 - I had done my homework before my mom came back home. 11. **将来完成时** - 在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作 - I will have done my homework tomorrow. 12. **过去将来完成时** - 从过去看，在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作 - I said I would have done my homework by 9:00 the next day. ### 完成进行时态 13. **现在完成进行时** - 动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在 - I have been doing my homework for 3 hours. 14. **过去完成进行时** - 动作从过去的过去开始一直延续到过去某个时间点 - I had been doing my homework for 3 hours before you opened the door. 15. **将来完成进行时** - 在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作 - I will have been teaching for 3 years next week. 16. **过去将来完成进行时** - 动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到对于过去来说的将来某一时间 - I said I would have been teaching for 3 years next week. --- ## 10 语态 语态分为**主动语态**和**被动语态**： - **主动语态**：主语是动作的执行者 - **被动语态**：主语是动作的承受者，结构为 **be + 过去分词** ### 被动语态例句 - The homework is done by me every day. （一般现在时） - The homework was done by me yesterday. （一般过去时） - The homework will be done by me tomorrow. （一般将来时） - The homework has been done by me, so I can watch TV. （现在完成时） - The homework must be done before 6:00. （含情态动词） > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 被动语态里"by + 执行者"可以省略哦。 --- ## 11 句子类型 ### 陈述句 说明事实，陈述看法。分为肯定句和否定句。 - 肯定句: Light travels faster than sound. - 否定句: I didn't tell him anything. ### 疑问句 主要用来提出问题 - 一般疑问句: Is there anything wrong with this machine? / Do you like me? - 特殊疑问句: What do you do when you are not working? - 选择疑问句: Are you going to elect a boy or a girl? - 反意疑问句: The clock is slow, isn't it? / He arrived late, didn't he? ### 祈使句 用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子，肯定句中，动词原形放句首 - Be quiet for a moment. / Open the door, please. ### 感叹句 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈情感的句子，常由 what 或 how 引导 - What a fine day it is! - How hard the workers are working! > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 感叹句中心词是名词用 what，中心词是形容词或副词用 how。 --- ## 12 句子结构 ### 1. 简单句 | 结构 | 公式 | 例句 | |------|------|------| | **主谓** | S + V | He runs. | | **主谓宾** | S + V + O | I like apples. | | **主系表** | S + L.V + P | She is beautiful. | | **主谓双宾** | S + V + I.O + D.O | She shows me a book. | | **主谓宾宾补** | S + Vt. + O + O.C | They call me John. | ### 2. 并列复合句 - I said it and I did it. - He said it but never did it. ### 3. 主从复合句 #### 主语从句 在复合句中用作主语的从句，通常由连词 that, whether, what 来引导 - That he has got the scholarship is true. - What you have done is a bad thing. - Whether he will arrive on time is still a question. #### 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句 - I don't know where he came from. - Do you know where they work? > 💡 **注意**: 宾语从句用陈述语序 #### 表语从句 在连系动词后、在句子中起表语作用的从句 - My opinion is that her advice should be practical. - The question is that we have no money. #### 同位语从句 在句子中充当同位语的从句，用来对名词作进一步解释 - The news that her child was safe eased her mind. - The idea that you will work by yourself is wrong. #### 定语从句 在句中充当定语的从句，修饰某一名词或代词 - The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular. - There were few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. #### 状语从句 在复合句中作状语，表示事件发生时候的状态 1. 时间状语从句: He entered school when he was six. 2. 地点状语从句: We must camp where we can get water. 3. 条件状语从句: If you ask him, he will help you. 4. 让步状语从句: Although/Though he is old, he is quite strong. 5. 原因状语从句: I can't get to sleep because it's so noisy outside. 6. 目的状语从句: Speak louder so/in order that you can be heard. 7. 方式状语从句: As water is to fish, so air is to man. --- ## 13 特殊句型 ### 倒装句 1. **部分倒装** - 将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，放至主语前 - Never have I watched such a moving film. - （正常语序: I have never watched such a moving film.） 2. **全部倒装** - 将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前 - Here came the bus. - （正常语序: The bus came here.） ### 存现句（There be 句型） 表示"某地有某物" - There are lots of people who can actually help you. > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > There be 句型中若离 be 最近的名词是单数或不可数，则 be 用 is；若为复数，则用 are。 ### 强调句 基本结构为: **It + be + 被强调部分 + that + 句子其余部分** 原句: We are going to know a new pupil at the school tomorrow. - It is we that are going to know a new pupil at the school tomorrow. （强调主语 we） - It is a new pupil that we are going to know at the school tomorrow. （强调宾语 a new pupil） - It is at the school that we are going to know a new pupil tomorrow. （强调状语 at the school） > 💡 **雪梨老师小贴士**: > 被强调部分指人时，that 也可以改为 who 哦。 ### 省略句 为了使讲话或者行为方便，句子中的某些成分可以省略 - (I) See you tomorrow. （省略主语 I） - Why (do) not (you) say "Hello" to him? （省略主谓 do you） --- ## 14 主谓一致 即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致 ### 1. 语法一致 谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致 - Mr. Green is a well-known scientist. （单数） - These books are intended for children under 8 years old. （复数） ### 2. 意义一致 谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致 - Five months has passed since you left. （five months，五个月，是一段时间，表示单数概念） - The old are very well taken care of in our city. （the old，老年人这个群体，表示复数概念） ### 3. 就近一致 谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致，比如 there be 句型 - There is one table and three chairs in the room. - There are three tables and one chair in the room.